![]() ![]() The safety and effectiveness of the national airspace system (NAS) depends on the performance of the air traffic management (ATM) personnel-the employees of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The demand for air transport has steadily increased since introduction of jet aircraft during the late 1950s. In addition to civilian users, including the airlines and general aviation, the system must accommodate military and space flight activities. Stakeholders of the airspace system include airline operators, airport authorities, weather specialists, and air traffic controllers (ground, tower, en-route, flow), as well as the passengers. Rules, procedures, standards, and facilities were designed to provide for safe and orderly traffic patterns and required separation between the aircraft (1). ![]() During the late 1920s air traffic control was established as a profession. The progress of technology, faster aircraft, instrument flight, and increased air traffic resulted in establishing a governmental infrastructure to control air traffic. ![]() AEROSPACE EXPERT SYSTEMS Since the Wright brothers first took flight, the progress of mankind in the domain of flight has been nothing short of spectacular. ![]()
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